Biochemistry of diabetes pdf

Depletion of intracellular glucose transport systems. In vitro insulin resistance of human adipocytes isolated from subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Splanchnic and peripheral disposal of oral glucose in man. The glucose paradox. Is glucose a substrate for liver metabolism?

Diabetic ketoacidosis: current views on pathogenesis and treatment. Stimulatory effect of norepinephrine on ketogenesis in normal and insulin-deficient humans. Effect of physiological elevation of plasma growth hormone levels on ketone body kinetics and lipolysis in normal and acutely insulin-deficient man.

Receptor-mediated catabolism of low density lipoprotein in man. Quantitation using glucosylated low density lipoprotein. Receptors and growth-promoting effects of insulin and insulinlike growth factors on cells from bovine retinal capillaries and aorta. Integrated regulation of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein-B kinetics in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: impact of sulfonylurea agents in vivo and in vitro.

The acute and chronic effects of sulfonylurea therapy in type II diabetic subjects. Contribution by the glycogen pool and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate release to the evanescent effect of glucagon on hepatic glucose production in vitro. Mammalian acetoacetate decarboxylase activity.

Its distribution in subfractions of human albumin and occurrence in various tissues of the rat. Clin Chim Acta. Pathways of acetone's metabolism in the rat. Determinants in the pathways followed by the carbons of acetone in their conversion to glucose.

Muscle enzyme activity and insulin sensitivity in type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Investigations into the direct effects of insulin on hepatic ketogenesis, lipoprotein secretion and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta. Acarbose treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Arch Intern Med. Abnormal glucose regulation of insulin secretion in models of reduced B-cell mass. The physiological effect of glucagon on fat-mobilisation. Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase is defective in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant obese mice. Effects of glucagon on lipolysis and ketogenesis in normal and diabetic men.

Does day-long absolute hypoinsulinemia characterize the patient with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? Prevention of some electrophysiologic and biochemical abnormalities with oxygen supplementation in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Insulin resistance in fat cells from insulin-treated type I diabetic individuals.

Diurnal profiles of intermediary metabolites in insulin-dependent diabetes and their relationship to different degrees of residual B-cell function.

Acta Diabetol Lat. Physiological concentrations of growth hormone exert insulin-like and insulin antagonistic effects on both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues in man. Hepatic effect of sulfonylureas. A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Role of muscle in CO2 production after oral glucose administration in man.

Metabolic effects of acute and prolonged growth hormone excess in normal and insulin-deficient man. Paradoxical inhibition of insulin secretion by glucose in human diabetes mellitus. Is phospholipase A2 a "glucose sensor" responsible for the phasic pattern of insulin release?

Specific inhibition of gluconeogenesis by biguanides. Effects of acute insulin deficiency on glucose and ketone body turnover in man: evidence for the primacy of overproduction of glucose and ketone bodies in the genesis of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Immune changes associated with insulin dependent diabetes may remit without causing the disease: a study in identical twins. Purification and properties of brain aldose reductase and L-hexonate dehydrogenase. J Neurochem.

Hyperglucagonemia in diabetic ketoacidosis. Its prevalence and significance. Differential effects of insulin therapy on hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in Type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Comparative effects of phenformin, metformin and glibenclamide on metabolic rhythms in maturity-onset diabetics. Comparative effects of two doses of glibenclamide upon metabolic rhythms in maturity-onset diabetics. Postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in diabetes mellitus.

Relationship to plasma triglyceride metabolism. The metabolic and hormonal response to acute normoglycaemia in type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes: studies with a glucose controlled insulin infusion system artificial endocrine pancreas. Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated glucose turnover and insulin binding to receptors in type II diabetes. Metabolism of free fatty acids in isolated liver cells. Factors affecting the partition between esterification and oxidation.

Early phases in the development of diabetic glomerulopathy. Acta Med Scand Suppl. Metformin reduces insulin requirement in Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes.

Role of insulin in lipoprotein secretion by cultured rat hepatocytes. Effects of insulin on lipoprotein secretion in rat hepatocyte cultures.

The role of the insulin receptor. Insulin receptor binding to fat and blood cells and insulin action in fat cells from insulin-dependent diabetics.

Insulin receptor binding and insulin action in human fat cells: effects of obesity and fasting. Abnormal meal carbohydrate disposition in insulin-dependent diabetes. Relative contributions of endogenous glucose production and initial splanchnic uptake and effect of intensive insulin therapy. Sulfonylureas in insulin-dependent type I diabetes: evidence for an extrapancreatic effect in vivo. The effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride metabolism in type I diabetes mellitus.

Insulin antagonises the growth hormone-mediated increase in the activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in isolated rat hepatocytes. Use of biosynthetic human C-peptide in the measurement of insulin secretion rates in normal volunteers and type I diabetic patients.

Effect of metformin on peripheral insulin sensitivity in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Glucose utilization in Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes: Evidence for a defect not reversible by acute elevations of insulin. Initial splanchnic extraction of ingested glucose in normal man.

The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. How insulin resistant are patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? Acetone metabolism in humans during diabetic ketoacidosis. Influence of hyperglycemia on insulin's in vivo effects in type II diabetes.

Role of glucagon, catecholamines, and growth hormone in human glucose counterregulation. Effects of somatostatin and combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade on plasma glucose recovery and glucose flux rates after insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

Effect of intermittent endogenous hyperglucagonemia on glucose homeostasis in normal and diabetic man. Adrenergic mechanisms for the effects of epinephrine on glucose production and clearance in man. Mechanism and significance of insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A role for prostaglandin E in defective insulin secretion and carbohydrate intolerance in diabetes mellitus. Physiological roles of ketone bodies as substrates and signals in mammalian tissues.

Physiol Rev. Retinal capillaries: basement membrane thickening by galactosemia prevented with aldose reductase inhibitor. Phosphorylation of purified insulin receptor by cAMP kinase. Early retinal microangiopathy: prevention with aldose reductase inhibitors. Alterations in the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan in diabetic mice.

Limited joint mobility in childhood diabetes: family studies. Potentiation of insulin action by a sulfonylurea in primary cultures of hepatocytes from normal and diabetic rats. Insulin-stimulated hydrolysis of a novel glycolipid generates modulators of cAMP phosphodiesterase. Effect of myo-inositol on peripheral-nerve function in diabetes.

Differential volumetry of A, B and D cells in the pancreatic islets of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Tohoku J Exp Med. Insulin treatment reverses the insulin resistance of type II diabetes mellitus. Insulin treatment reverses the postreceptor defect in adipocyte 3-O-methylglucose transport in type II diabetes mellitus. Modulation of fatty acid metabolism by glucagon in man. Effects of a physiologic hormone infusion in normal man. The metabolic response to norepinephrine in normal versus diabetic man.

The regulation of plasma ketone body concentration by counter-regulatory hormones in man. Effects of growth hormone in diabetic man. Glipizide increases plasma insulin but not C-peptide level after a standardized breakfast in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. Nutrient metabolism in islet cells. The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Effect of exogenous pyruvate on islet function. Near normoglycaemia improved nerve conduction and vibration sensation in diabetic neuropathy.

The effect of diet on intermediary metabolite concentrations in Type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin receptor phosphorylation may not be a prerequisite for acute insulin action. Multiple aspects of insulin resistance. Comparison of glucose and intermediary metabolite response to incremental insulin infusion in IDDM subjects of short and long duration.

Insulin-receptor kinase activity of adipose tissue from morbidly obese humans with and without NIDDM. Fluctuating islet-cell autoimmunity in unaffected relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Type I diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: chronic progressive beta cell dysfunction. Ann Intern Med. Aldose and aldehyde reductases in human tissues.

Relationship of glucagon suppression by insulin and somatostatin to the ambient glucose concentration. Effect of intraportal and peripheral insulin on glucose turnover and recycling in diabetic dogs.

Metabolic responses to intraduodenal glucose loading in insulin-infused diabetic dogs. In the 10 years leading up to T2D onset, your post-meal glucose gradually rises, and more and more insulin is secreted in response, but you develop insulin resistance. Around year 0 where onset is defined , beta cells start to fail, and insulin secretion goes back down, declining gradually over 30 years. HbA1c is glycosylated hemoglobin — hemoglobin is ordinarily unglycosylated but becomes glycosylated if there is too much glucose in the blood.

HbA1c is another risk marker. After insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion and beta cell failure follow next. There are likewise a few hypotheses about these:. Eric Vallabh Minikel is on a lifelong quest to prevent prion disease. Follow cureffi. A quick comparison of the two types: Type 1 is an autoimmune disorder that kills pancreatic beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency — it can be treated with insulin. It results in the presence of antibodies against beta cells, though the ultimate cause is not known.

Type 2 The rise in T2D prevalence can be attributed to a couple factors: 1 overnutrition, obesity, inactivity; 2 treatment of T2D has improved, and therefore people live longer with it. Adipose tissue dysfunction — the role of inflammation. When adipocytes get too large in overweight people , the overloading of TAG causes release of MCP-1, a chemoattractant.

TAG storage becomes impaired, resulting in lipolysis and increasing the circulating TAGs and free fatty acids, allowing them to accumulate ectopically in muscle. Insulin resistance in liver and muscle — the role of mitochondria. In either case 1 or 2 above, fatty acids accumulate in the liver. Overnutrition also increases malonyl-CoA in the liver, and malonyl-CoA inhibits CPT1 carnitine palomitoyltransferase 1 which inhibits fatty acid oxidation.

In lieu of oxidation, TAG storage increases. Fatty acid metabolism during CPT1 inhibition also produces diacylglycerol and ceramide. DAG activates stress-induced kinases, and both these and ceramide reduce insulin signaling. Meanwhile in the muscle, fatty acid accumulation increases beta oxidation thereof, and reduces citric acid cycle activity.

Products of incomplete fat oxidation acylcarnitines and reactive oxygen species activate stress-induced kinases, which reduce insulin signaling. There are likewise a few hypotheses about these: Role of mitochondria and pyruvate cycling.

DOI: Taylor , L. Save to Library Save. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Background Citations. Results Citations. Figures, Tables, and Topics from this paper. Diabetes Mellitus Biochemistry. Citation Type. Has PDF.